What are coastal ecosystems?
Coastal ecosystems occur where land and sea interact. They include habitats such as mangroves, estuaries, mudflats, sandy beaches, salt marshes, seagrass beds and coral reefs.
Why they are important
- They provide habitat and breeding or nursery areas for many species.
- Mangroves and other coastal vegetation can reduce erosion and help buffer coastal communities from waves and storm surges.
- Coastal ecosystems support fisheries, tourism and local livelihoods.
- Mangroves, salt marshes and seagrass systems can store carbon in their vegetation and sediments.
Major pollution pressures
- Plastic litter and abandoned fishing material
- Untreated sewage and wastewater
- Industrial discharge and oil pollution
- Poorly managed solid waste carried by drains and rivers
- Run-off containing nutrients and other pollutants
Conservation approach
Clean-up drives can remove visible litter and build public awareness, but long-term protection also needs waste reduction, collection and treatment systems, enforcement, scientific monitoring and cooperation with coastal communities.
Exam-ready distinction
Beach cleaning is an intervention, not a complete pollution-control policy. Prevention at the source and proper waste management are necessary to reduce repeated pollution.
Quick self-check
- Name four coastal ecosystems.
- How can mangroves support coastal resilience?
- Why are clean-up campaigns insufficient on their own?